\documentclass[letterpaper,english]{article}
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\title{LILO, Linux Crash Rescue HOW-TO ¤¤Ä¶ª©}
\author{§@ªÌ¡GAl Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan)        \onlynameurl{alavoor[AT]@yahoo.com}\\ 
        Ä¶ªÌ¡G¶À°ê°¶       \onlynameurl{u4561055@cc.ncu.edu.tw}}
\date{v10.5, 12 Feb 2002  Â½Ä¶¤é´Á¡G23 Feb 2002}
\abstract{³o¥÷¤å¥ó±´°Q±q Linux ¨t²Î·í¾÷¤¤¦^´_ªº¤èªk¡C³y¦¨ Linux ¨t²Î·í¾÷ªº¦UºØ­ì¦]¥i¯à¬O - LILO ·´·l¡B linux µLªk¶}¾÷¡B µwºÐ¥D¶}¾÷°O¿ý(Master Boot Record, MBR)·lÃa¡B©Î¬O¦w¸Ë¨ä¥L§@·~¨t²Î¨Ò¦p Windows NT ¦Ó±N LILO ©Î MBR »\¼g±¼©Ò³y¦¨ linux µLªk¶}¾÷¡C}


\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\section{Â²¤¶}

{\bfseries (¦¹¤å¥óªº³Ì·sª©¥»¦ì©ó
\nameurl{http://www.milkywaygalaxy.freeservers.com}{}¡C
±z¥i¥H±q¨º¸Ì±o¨ìª©¥»ªºÅÜ°Ê±¡§Î¡C)}

±zµLªkÁ×§K·N¥~ªºµo¥Í¡F¦pªG·N¥~µo¥Í¦b linux ¨t²Î¡A
³o¥i¯à·|·l®`¨ìµwºÐ¥D¶}¾÷°O¿ý (MBR) ©Î¬O LILO (Linux boot Loader)¡C
·í linux ¥Ñ©óµwºÐ¬G»Ù¦Ó¾É­PµLªk¶}¾÷®É¡A·N¥~´N·|µo¥Í¡C
°²¦p±z¤£¤p¤ß­«·s¹º¤ÀºÏºÐ¡A©Î¬O¦b linux ¨t²Îªº¹q¸£¤W¦w¸Ë¨ä¥L§@·~¨t²Î¡A
¨Ò¦p¡GWindows 98/NT¡ALILO ¤]¥i¯à·|¥¢®Ä¡C

³o¥÷¤å¥óµ¹±z¤@¨Ç«ØÄ³¡B¯µ³Z¡B©M§Ö³tªº«ü¤Þ¨Ó§Ö³t¦^´_¨t²Î¡A
¦Ó¤£¥²¶O¤ß¦a¬ãÅª¤W¦Ê­¶¦³Ãö LILO ©Î Linux ªº¤å¥ó¡C


\subsection{¤p«¬³nºÐ Linux ¨t²Î \label{tiny}}

¬°¤F¦^´_¥ô¦ó§@·~¨t²Î¦p Windows 95/NT/2000¡BOS/2¡BBeOS¡B©Î Linux¡A
±z¥i¯à»Ý­n¸Ë¦b¤@¤ù³nºÐ¤ùªº¤p«¬ linux ¨t²Î¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¥H¤U©Ò¦C¥Xªº¤p«¬³nºÐ linux ¨t²Î -
\begin{itemize}
\item  ³Ì¨Î \nameurl{http://www.toms.net/~toehser/rb}{Tomsrtbt}
\item  ¦¸¨Îªº³nºÐ linux ¨t²Î \nameurl{http://sunsite.dk/mulinux}{MuLinux}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.trinux.org}{Trinux}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.wu-wien.ac.at/usr/h93/h9301726/dlx.html}{DLX}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.zelow.no/floppyfw}{FloppyFW}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.psychosis.com/linux-router}{Linux Router Proejct floppy}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.txdirect.net/users/mdfranz/tinux.html}{Tiny Linux distributions}
\item  \nameurl{http://tiny.seul.org/en}{TINYLinux}
\end{itemize}



\section{·í¾÷¦^´_\label{crash}}




\subsection{·Ç³Æ¤u§@«ØÄ³ \label{tips}}

¦b±z¨Ï¥Î¤U­Ó³¹¸`ªº Tomsrtbt ³nºÐµn¤J¤§«á¡A
±z³Ì¦n¥ý³Æ¤À­«­nªº¨t²ÎÀÉ®×¡A¹³ /etc/fstab¡B/etc/lilo.conf¡C
¦p¦¹¦b·í¾÷®É©Î¨t²ÎÀÉ®×µo¥Í°ÝÃD®É¬O¬Û·í¦³¥Îªº¡C
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.orig
bash# cp /etc/lilo.conf /etc/lilo.conf.orig
bash# cp /etc/hosts /etc/hosts.orig
bash# cp /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.allow.orig
bash# cp /etc/hosts.deny /etc/hosts.deny.orig
bash# cp /etc/inetd.conf /etc/inetd.conf.orig
bash# cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab.orig
bash# cp /etc/networks /etc/networks.orig
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}



\subsection{¦^´_¨t²Îªº§Ö³t¨BÆJ}

´`µÛ³o¨Ç¨BÆJ°õ¦æ¡A¥H«K±q LILO ©Î¨t²Î·í¾÷¤¤¦^´_¡C

\begin{enumerate}
\item  {\bfseries ª¬ªp 1¡G} °²¦p¨t²ÎµLªk¶}¾÷ -
¨ú±o¨Ã«Ø¥ß tomsrtbt ¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù \nameurl{http://www.toms.net/rb}{}¡A
©Î MuLinux ¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò \ref{tiny} {(Tiny Linux)})¡C
¨Ã¨Ï¥Î tomsrtbt ¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¶}¾÷¡C
¨Ï¥Î fdisk «ü¥O§ä¥X¤À³Î°Ï(partitions)¡C
¸ÕµÛ§ä¥X root ©M boot ¤À³Î°Ï¡Cª`·N¡I
root ¤À³Î°Ï¦Û¤v»Ý¾Ö¦³ /boot ÀÉ®×¡C

Linux ªº root ¤À³Î°Ï¥]§t¤U¦C¸ê®Æ§¨
{\bfseries bin},
{\bfseries boot},
{\bfseries etc},
{\bfseries usr}.

Linux ªº boot ¤À³Î°Ï«h¥]§t¥H¤Uªº¸ê®Æ§¨¡G
{\bfseries vmlinuz},
{\bfseries boot.b},
{\bfseries chain.b},
{\bfseries map}.

¨Ï¥Î¥H¤U¨BÆJ§ä¥X root ¤À³Î°Ï¡G
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): m         (Åã¥Ü«ü¥Oªº»²§U¿ï³æ)
Command (m for help): p         (¦C¥XµwºÐ¤À³Î°Ï)
Command (m for help): q
bash# mkdir /test
bash# mount /dev/hda1 /test
bash# ls /test
±zÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ì root ¤À³Î°ÏÅã¥Ü¦p¤U -
bin   fd    lib   mnt  proc  sbin  usr
boot  dev   etc   home  lost+found  opt  root  tmp   var
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

¦pªG¦¹¤À³Î°Ï¨Ã«D root ¤À³Î°Ï¡A¸Õ¸Õ¤U­Ó¤À³Î°Ï /dev/hda2 ¡C
«ùÄòÀ|¸Õ hda3, hda4, hda5 µ¥¡Aª½¨ì§ä¥X root ¤À³Î°Ï¬°¤î¡C
¦pªG±z¦b {\bfseries hda} ¤W¨S¦³§ä¨ì root ¤À³Î°Ï¡A
«h­«ÂÐ¥H¤W¨BÆJ´M§ä¨ä¥LµwºÐ¡A¹³¬O {\bfseries hdb}¡B{\bfseries hdc}¡B{\bfseries hdd}µ¥¡C

±µ¤U¨Ó±zÀ³§ä¥X /boot¡B/usr¡B©M /var ¤À³Î°Ï¡C
¦b«Ø¥ß·sªº lilo °t¸m®É¡A³o¨Ç¤À³Î°Ïªº¦ì¸m¬O¥²»Ýªº¡C

¥H§Úªº¨t²Î¬°¨Ò¡Aroot ¤À³Î°Ï¬O¦b /dev/hda4¡G
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# mkdir /rootpart
bash# mount /dev/hda4 /rootpart
bash# cat /rootpart/etc/fstab
        ¾\Åª fstab ªº¤º®e¡A¨Ã¥B«ö·Ó fstab ÀÉ®×±¾¤W (mount) ¤À³Î°Ï¡C¹³¤U­±³o¼Ë -
bash# mount /dev/hda5 /rootpart/boot
bash# mount /dev/hda6 /rootpart/usr
bash# mount /dev/hda7 /rootpart/var
bash# mount /dev/hda8 /rootpart/opt
bash# mount /dev/hda9 /rootpart/root
bash# mount /dev/hda10 /rootpart/home
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

¥H§Úªº¨t²Î¬°¨Ò¡A«ö·Ó fstab ©ÒÅã¥Ü¡Ahda5 ¬O {\bfseries boot}¡Bhda6 ¬O {\bfseries usr}¡A
hda7 ¬O {\bfseries var}¡Bhda8 ¬O {\bfseries opt}¡B
hda9 ¬O {\bfseries root}¡Bhda10 ¬O {\bfseries home}¡B¦Ó hda11 ¬O windows95 (FAT16 ¤À³Î°Ï)¡C

½s¿è /etc/fstab (¤£¬O /rootpart/etc/fstab) ¨Ã¥B¥[¤J(¥H¤Uµ{¦¡½X½d¨Ò)
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
        /dev/hda4  /rootpart           ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda5  /rootpart/boot      ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda6  /rootpart/usr       ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda7  /rootpart/var       ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda8  /rootpart/opt       ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda9  /rootpart/root      ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda10 /rootpart/home      ext2 defaults 1 1
        /dev/hda11 /rootpart/win95part vfat defaults 1 1

¦b§Úªº¹q¸£¤¤¡Ahda4 ¬° linux ªº root ¤À³Î°Ï¡Bhda5 ¬° boot ¤À³Î°Ï¡B
hda11 «h¬° windows 95 ªº vfat ¨t²Î¡C

bash# mkdir /rootpart/win95part
bash# mount /rootpart/win95part
        ¨Ï¥Î fsck ©Î e2fsck «ü¥O­×´_¦³°ÝÃDªº¤À³Î°Ï¡C
bash# man fsck
bash# man e2fsck
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}




\item  {\bfseries ª¬ªp 2¡G} ¦pªG LILO ¬OµL®Äªº..
¨Ì·Óª¬ªp 1 ªº¨BÆJ¨Ó±Æ°£°ÝÃD¡C¦pªGµLªk¸Ñ¨M¡A«h°Ñ·Ó¥H¤U¨BÆJ¡C
¦b°õ¦æª¬ªp 1 ªº¨BÆJ¤§«á¡A±zÀ³¸Ó¤w¸g±¾¸ü¤W /rootpart
¨Ã¥B¤w¸g«Ø¥ß¦n /etc/fstab ÀÉ®×¡C

ª`·N¡G¦b¶i¦æ¥H¤U¨BÆJ®É¡AÆ[¹î chroot ¦p¦ó¹B§@¬O«Ü­«­nªº¡C
chroot ©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº {\bfseries /sbin/lilo} ÀÉ®×ªº¥¿½T¦ì¸m¬O¦b {\bfseries /rootpart/sbin/lilo}¡A
¦Ó{\bfseries ¤£¬O}¦b /sbin¡I¡I¦]¦¹½Ð¤£­n²V²c¡C
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# mount -a 
bash# chroot /rootpart /sbin/lilo -q
bash# man chroot
bash# chroot /rootpart /sbin/lilo 
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}


ª`·N¡G¨Ï¥Î chroot ªº·s¤â¥i¯à·|³Q²V²c¡C¦pªG chroot ©ê«è¥¦§ä¤£¨ì /boot/map ÀÉ®×¡A
³oºØ±¡§Î¹ê»Ú¤W¥NªíµÛ¥¦µLªk§ä¨ì /rootpart/boot/map¡C¦]¬°±z¨Ï¥Î /rootpart
·í§@ chroot ªº²Ä¤@¤Þ¼Æ (first argument)¡A©Ò¦³ªº¤Æ¨­ (references) ³£«ü¦V /rootpart¡C

±z¤]¥i¥H¿ï¾Üª½±µ¨Ï¥Î /sbin/lilo ¥H¥N´À chroot¡C
lilo ¥[¿ï¶µ -r ¹ê»Ú¤W´N©M chroot «ü¥O¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C
{\bfseries ±j¯P«ØÄ³}±z¨Ï¥Î chroot¡A¦Ó¤£­n¨Ï¥Î lilo -r¡A
¦]¬°¨Ï¥Î chroot ¤ñ¸û¤è«K¡A¥B¸û®e©ö§ä¥X¿ù»~¡C
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# man lilo
bash# /sbin/lilo -r /rootpart
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}




\item  {\bfseries ª¬ªp 3¡G} ¦pªG LILO ¬OµL®Äªº..
¦pªG¨Ï¥Îª¬ªp 1 ©Mª¬ªp 2 ªº¨BÆJ§¡µLªk¸Ñ¨M¡A
°²¦p±z¦³¨Ï¥Î 'mkbootdisk' »s§@¹L¶}¾÷¤ù(©ó¦w¸Ë®É©Î°Ñ¦Ò
'man mkbootdisk'¦Û¦æ«Ø¥ß)¡A«h¨Ï¥Î±zªº¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¨Ó¶}¾÷¨Ã­×´_¤À³Î°Ï¡C
mkbootdisk ¦s¦b©ó mkbootdisk*.rpm ªº®M¥ó¡A±z¥²¶·¦w¸Ë¥¦¡C
(Ä¶ª`¡GÀH¤£¦Pµo¦æ®M¥ó¦Ó¦³©Ò®t²§¡F½Ð¬¢¸ß±zªºµo¦æ®M¥ó¼t°Ó©Î²ÕÂ´)
©ÎªÌ±q \nameurl{http://www.bootdisk.com/}{} ¨ú±o Linux/NT/Windows/DOS/Mac ªº¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¡C
¨ä¥L¿ï¾Ü - §ä Linux ¦w¸Ë¥úºÐ¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡C
¨C­Ó Linux ®M¥ó·|¦b¥úºÐ¸Ì´£¨Ñ±Ï´©ºÏ¤ùªº image file¡A¦b Linux Àô¹Ò¤U¡AÁä¤J
"dd if=/cdrom/disks/rescue of=/dev/fd0" ¨Ó«Ø¥ß±Ï´©ºÏ¤ù¡C¦b DOS Àô¹Ò¤U¡A
¨Ï¥Î rawrite.exe (¥]§t¦b Linux ¥úºÐ¸Ì)¡AÁä¤J "rawrite image-name a:"
¨Ó«Ø¥ß±Ï´©ºÏ¤ù¡C





\item  {\bfseries ª¬ªp 4¡G} ¦pªG¥H¤Wª¬ªp 1¡B2¡B3 ªº¨BÆJ¬ÒµLªk¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡A¥B±z¤]¨S¦³¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù
°²¦p±z¦³¨ä¥L linux ¨t²Îªº¹q¸£¡A¥H root ¨­¥÷µn¤J¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ -

ª`·N¡G¦pªG±z½sÄ¶±z¦Û¤vªº®Ö¤ß(kernel)¬° bzImage (¨Ò¦p bzImage-2.4.4)¡A
±zÀ³·í¨Ï¥Î¥H¤U¤èªk¹ï vmlinuz-2.4.4 «Ø¥ßµw³sµ²(hard link)¡C(ª`·N
vmlinuz ªº z¡A¦Ó«D vmlinux) ¦pªG±z¨Ã¥¼°µ¦¹¨BÆJ¡A
«h mkbootdisk «ü¥O¥i¯à·|¥¢±Ñ¡C
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# cd /boot
bash# ls -l vmlinuz*
bash# ln /boot/bzImage-2.4.4  /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.4
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

²{¦b±z¤w¦³ bzImage ©M vmlinuz¡A°õ¦æ¤U¦C«ü¥O -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash$ man mkbootdisk
bash# cp /etc/lilo.conf /etc/lilo-original.conf
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

½s¿è /etc/lilo.conf ¨Ã±N±z¦b 'ª¬ªp 1' ©ÒÀò±oªº root
¤À³Î°Ï®æ¦¡¶ñ¤J¡F¤§«á´¡¤JªÅ¥ÕºÏºÐ¤ù¨Ã°õ¦æ -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.12-20
(Ä¶ª`¡G2.2.12-20 ¬°®Ö¤ßª©¥»½s¸¹¡A½Ð¦Û¦æ¨Ì·Ó±zªº linux ®Ö¤ßª©¥»§@§ïÅÜ¡C)
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

mkbootdisk ¦s¦b©ó mkbootdisk*.rpm ªº®M¥ó¡A±z¥²¶·¦w¸Ë¥¦¡C
(Ä¶ª`¡GÀH¤£¦Pµo¦æ®M¥ó¦Ó¦³©Ò®t²§¡F½Ð¬¢¸ß±zªºµo¦æ®M¥ó¼t°Ó©Î²ÕÂ´)
±z¥²¶·½T«O±N /etc/lilo-original.conf §ó§ï¦^­ì¨ÓªºÀÉ¦W /etc/lilo.conf!! 
¦A¥H¦¹¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¶i¦æª¬ªp 3 ªº¨BÆJ¡C



\item  {\bfseries ª¬ªp 5: } ³o¬O³ÌÃaªº±¡ªp¡A§Æ±æ±z¤£·|¨«¨ì³o­Ó¦a¨B¡C
ª¬ªp 1 ¨ì 4 ¤w¥]§t¤Fµ´¤j¦h¼Æªº®×¨Ò¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG³sª¬ªp
1¡B2¡B3¡B©M 4 ªº¨BÆJ³£µLªk¸Ñ¨M -
{\itshape {\bfseries ²Ä¤@¨B¡G }\/}
¨Ï¥Î tomsrtbt ¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¶}¾÷¡A
(½Ð°Ñ¦Ò \ref{tiny} {(Tiny Linux)})
±¾¤W¤À³Î°Ï¡A
¨Ã¥B¨Ï¥Î¥H¤U«ü¥O³Æ¥÷ root ¤À³Î°Ï¦Ü¨ä¥LÁÙ¦³ºÏºÐªÅ¶¡ªº¤À³Î°Ï -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
        ½s¿è /etc/fstab ¨Ã¥B¼g¤J(¥H¤Uªºµ{¦¡½X½d¨Ò¡A
        ±z¥i¯à¥²¶·«ö·Ó±zªººÏºÐ¾÷¹ê»Úª¬ªp§@§ïÅÜ) -
                /dev/hda4  /rootpart    ext2 defaults 1 1
                /dev/hda11 /b1          vfat defaults 1 1
bash$ mkdir /rootpart; mount /rootpart
bash$ mkdir /b1; mount /b1
bash$ cd /
bash$ df 
        ¬d¬Ý /b1 ¬O§_¦³¨¬°÷ªººÏºÐªÅ¶¡¡A¥H«K¨Ï¥Î tar ¨Ó³Æ¥÷ root ¤À³Î°Ï¡C
bash$ tar cvf /b1/root-hda4.tar   /rootpart
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}


{\itshape {\bfseries ²Ä¤G¨B¡G }\/}
©ñ¤J Linux ¥úºÐ¤ù¡A­«¶}¾÷¨Ã¦w¸Ë redhat linux 
(Ä¶ª`¡G©Î¦w¸Ë¨ä¥L linux µo¦æ®M¥ó)
¦b /dev/hda4 (¦ý{\bfseries ¤d¸U¤£­n}¦w¸Ë¥ô¦ó¦h¾lªº®M¥ó¡A
±z¥u»Ý­n¦w¸Ë root¡Bboot ¨t²Î¡A©M LILO ºÞ²zªÌ¡C
¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¿ï¾Ü³Ì¤p¦w¸Ë§Y¥i)¡C 
¦w¸Ëµ{¦¡¤]±N·|¦w¸Ë LILO ¦b±zªºµwºÐ¸Ì¡C
²{¦b­«·s±Ò°Ê linux¡A¥H root ¨­¥÷µn¤J¡A¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash$ man mkbootdisk
bash# cp /etc/lilo.conf /etc/lilo-original.conf
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

ª`·N¡G±z{\bfseries ¥²¶·}°O±o±N lilo-original.conf ½Æ»s¦^ lilo.conf!!
½s¿è /etc/lilo.conf ¨Ã±N±z¦b 'ª¬ªp 1' ©ÒÀò±oªº root
¤À³Î°Ï®æ¦¡¶ñ¤J¡F¤§«á´¡¤JªÅ¥ÕºÏºÐ¤ù¨Ã°õ¦æ -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.12-20
(Ä¶ª`¡G2.2.12-20 ¬°®Ö¤ßª©¥»½s¸¹¡A½Ð¦Û¦æ¨Ì·Ó±zªº linux ®Ö¤ßª©¥»§@§ïÅÜ¡C)
bash# cp /etc/lilo-original.conf /etc/lilo.conf
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

´ú¸Õ¦¹¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¡AÀËµø¨ä¬O§_¯à¹B§@¡A
¨Ã±N²Ä¤@¨B¤¤§Q¥Î tar §@³Æ¤ÀªºÀÉ®× /b1/root-hda4.tar ¦^´_¡C
(Ä¶ª`¡G±z¥i¨Ï¥Î tar xvf ¨Ó¦^´_¡C¸Ô¨£ tar manpage)

\end{enumerate}



\subsection{¹w¨¾©Ê±¹¬I}

±zÀ³·í±Ä¨ú¤U¦Cªº¹w¨¾©Ê±¹¬I¨Ó³B²z¥¼¨Ó¥i¯àµo¥Íªº°ÝÃD¡C

\begin{itemize}
\item  ±z{\bfseries ¤@©w­n}°¸º¸»s§@±Ï´©¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¡A¥B¦b±z§ïÅÜ¤À³Î°Ï®É¤@©w­n»s§@¡C
´¡¤JªÅ¥ÕºÏºÐ¤ù¨Ã°õ¦æ -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash$ man mkbootdisk
mkbootdisk ¦s¦b©ó mkbootdisk*.rpm ªº®M¥ó¡A±z¥²¶·¦w¸Ë¥¦¡C
(Ä¶ª`¡GÀH¤£¦Pµo¦æ®M¥ó¦Ó¦³©Ò®t²§¡F½Ð¬¢¸ß±zªºµo¦æ®M¥ó¼t°Ó©Î²ÕÂ´)
bash$ mkbootdisk --help
bash$ mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.12-20
(Ä¶ª`¡G2.2.12-20 ¬°®Ö¤ßª©¥»½s¸¹¡A½Ð¦Û¦æ¨Ì·Ó±zªº linux ®Ö¤ßª©¥»§@§ïÅÜ¡C)
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}



\item ±z¤âÃä¥²¶·¾Ö¦³ tomsrtbt ªº¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¡C¸Ô¨£
\nameurl{http://www.toms.net/rb}{}
(½Ð°Ñ¦Ò \ref{tiny} {(Tiny Linux)})


\item ±z¤âÃä¥²¶·¾Ö¦³ Yard ±Ï´©©M¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¡C¸Ô¨£
\nameurl{http://www.linuxlots.com/~fawcett/yard}{}


\item  ³Æ¤À /root »P /boot ¥Ø¿ý¡C¨Ï¥Î Tomsrtbt ¶}¾÷ºÏ¤ù¶}¾÷¡A
(½Ð°Ñ¦Ò \ref{tiny} {(Tiny Linux)})
¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ 
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# vi /etc/fstab
¥[¤J¥H¤U¼Æ¦æ -
                /dev/hda1 /a1 vfat defaults 1 1
                /dev/hdb1 /b1 vfat defaults 1 1
¥H§Úªº¨t²Î¬°¨Ò¡A hda1 ¬° linux ¤§ root ¤À³Î°Ï '/'
bash# cd / 
bash# tar cvf /b1/linux-root-partition-hda1.tar  a1
bash# tar cvf /b1/linux-boot-partition-hda1.tar  a1/boot
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\end{itemize}



\subsection{²¾°£ LILO}

±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î DOS ±Ò°Ê¸ü¤Jµ{¦¡(boot loader)¸ü¤J±Ò°ÊºÏ°Ï¡A¨Ã¥H¤§¨ú¥N LILO¡C
¦b MS DOS ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¤U¿é¤J¥H¤U«ü¥O¡G
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
        FDISK  /MBR
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

¦¹³Bªº MBR ¥Nªí "µwºÐ¥D¶}¾÷°O¿ý(Master Boot Record)"¡C

½Ð°Ñ¦Ò LILO ¤å¥ó¡A¨ú±o¨ä¥L²¾°£ LILO ªº¤èªk¡F³o¨Ç¤å¥ó³q±`©ñ¦b linux ¨t²Î¤Wªº
/usr/doc/lilo* (Ä¶ª`¡G©ÎªÌ¬O /usr/share/doc/lilo*)¡C¤]½Ð°Ñ¦Ò 'man lilo'¡C


\subsection{±`¥Ç¿ù»~}

¦b±z§ó§ï /etc/lilo.conf ¤§«á¡A±z{\bfseries ¥²¶·°õ¦æ lilo }¡A¨Ï±zªº§ïÅÜ¥Í®Ä¡C
§Ñ¤F°õ¦æ¬O linux ªì¾ÇªÌ«Ü±`¥Çªº¿ù»~¡C°õ¦æ -
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash# lilo -v -v -v
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}



\section{¬ÛÃöºô¯¸}

½Ð°Ñ¾\¥H¤U¦ì§}¡A¥i¨ú±o LILO¡BLinux ±Ï´©¡B·í¾÷¦^´_ªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T -
\begin{itemize}
\item  Mini Lilo HOWTO at \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/LILO.html}{}
\item  Bootdisk-HOWTO at \nameurl{http://www.metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/index.html}{}


\item  Pre-made boot disks at \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/}{}
\item  Boot disks for Linux/NT/Windows/DOS/Mac at \nameurl{http://www.bootdisk.com}{}
\item  Tomsrtbt boot floppy disk \nameurl{http://www.toms.net/rb}{}
(½Ð°Ñ¾\ \ref{tiny} {(Tiny Linux)})
\item  Yard rescue and boot floppy disk
\nameurl{http://www.linuxlots.com/~fawcett/yard}{}


\item  BootPrompt-HOWTO at \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/BootPrompt-HOWTO.html}{}
\item  Multiboot with LILO mini HOWTO at \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Multiboot-with-LILO.html}{}
\item  Linux+WinNT mini HOWTO at \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Linux+WinNT.html}{}


\item  Linux goodies main site \nameurl{http://www.milkywaygalaxy.freeservers.com}{}
¬M®g¯¸¦p¤U -
\nameurl{http://aldev0.webjump.com}{},
\nameurl{http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0}{angelfire},
\nameurl{http://www.geocities.com/alavoor/index.html}{geocities},
\nameurl{http://aldev0.virtualave.net}{virtualave},
\nameurl{http://aldev0.50megs.com}{50megs},
\nameurl{http://members.theglobe.com/aldev1/index.html}{theglobe},
\nameurl{http://members.nbci.com/alavoor}{NBCi},
\nameurl{http://aldev.terrashare.com}{Terrashare},
\nameurl{http://members.fortunecity.com/aldev}{Fortunecity},
\nameurl{http://aldev.freewebsites.com}{Freewebsites},
\nameurl{http://members.tripod.lycos.com/aldev}{Tripod},
\nameurl{http://members.spree.com/technology/aldev}{Spree},
\nameurl{http://www.escalix.com/freepage/aldev}{Escalix},
\nameurl{http://www.httpcity.com/aldev/index.html}{Httpcity},
\nameurl{http://aldev.freeservers.com}{Freeservers}.
\item  Vim color text editor for C++, C \nameurl{http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html}{}
\end{itemize}



\section{¦¹¥÷¤å¥óªº¨ä¥L®æ¦¡}

¦¹¥÷¤å¥ó¬O¥H 14 ºØ¤£¦Pªº®æ¦¡©Òµo¦æªº - DVI, Postscript, 
Latex, Adobe Acrobat PDF,
LyX, GNU-info, HTML, RTF(Rich Text Format), Plain-text, Unix man pages, single 
HTML file, SGML (Linuxdoc format), SGML (Docbook format), MS WinHelp format.

¦¹¥÷ howto ¤å¥ó¬O¦b -
\begin{itemize}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org}{} «ö¤U HOWTOs ³sµ²¡A
¨Ã¥B¦bºô­¶ÂsÄý¾¹¤W¨Ï¥Î CTRL+F ©Î ALT+f ¨Ó·j´M howto ¤å¥ó¦WºÙ¡C
\end{itemize}


±z¤]¥i±q¥H¤Uªº¬M®g¯¸§ä¨ì¦¹¥÷¤å¥ó -
\begin{itemize}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO}{}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.linux.ucla.edu/LDP}{}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP}{}
\item  \nameurl{http://www.redhat.com/mirrors/LDP}{}
\item  ¨ä¥L¸û¾aªñ±zªº¬M®g¯¸ (ºô§}´¼¼z¿ëÃÑ¡Anetwork-address-wise) ¥i¥H¦b¦¹§ä¨ì
\nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/mirrors.html}{}
¿ï¾Ü¤@­Ó¬M®g¯¸¡A¨Ã¥B¶i¤J¥Ø¿ý /LDP/HOWTO/xxxxx-HOWTO.html
\end{itemize}




\begin{itemize}
\item ±z¥i¥H±q¤U¦C³sµ²±o¨ì HTML¡BDVI¡BPostscript¡B©Î SGML ®æ¦¡ªº
HOWTO ¤å¥ó³æ¤@ tar ball ÀÉ®× -
\nameurl{ftp://www.linuxdoc.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/}{}
»P \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto}{}


\item ¯Â¤å¦r®æ¦¡¬O¦b¡G \nameurl{ftp://www.linuxdoc.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO}{}
»P \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto}{}


\item Single HTML ÀÉ®×®æ¦¡¬O¦b¡G 
\nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto}{}
 Single HTML ÀÉ®×¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¨Ó«Ø¥ß (°Ñ¨£ man sgml2html) - 
sgml2html -split 0   xxxxhowto.sgml



\item ¨ä¥L»y¨¥¤§¤å¥óÂ½Ä¶¡A¹³¬Oªk¤å¡B¼w¤å¡B¦è¯Z¤ú¤å¡B 
¤¤¤å¡B¤é¤åµ¥¬O¦b
\nameurl{ftp://www.linuxdoc.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO}{}
»P \nameurl{http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto}{}
Åwªï±zÀ°¦£Â½Ä¶¦¨¨ä¥L»y¨¥ªºª©¥»¡C
\end{itemize}

¦¹¥÷¤å¥ó¬O¥H "SGML-Tools" ¤u¨ã³nÅé©Ò¼¶¼gªº¡A±z¥i¥H¦b¤U­±ªº³sµ²±o¨ì¦¹³nÅé -
\nameurl{http://www.sgmltools.org}{}
±z¥i¨Ï¥Î¥H¤U«ü¥O½sÄ¶­ì©lÀÉ¡A¨Ò¦p¡G
\begin{itemize}
\item sgml2html xxxxhowto.sgml     (Àò¨ú html ÀÉ®×)
\item sgml2html -split 0   xxxxhowto.sgml (Àò¨ú single page html ÀÉ®×)
\item sgml2rtf  xxxxhowto.sgml     (Àò¨ú RTF ÀÉ®× )
\item sgml2latex xxxxhowto.sgml    (Àò¨ú latex ÀÉ®×)
\end{itemize}


(Ä¶ª`¡G¤¤Ä¶ª©¨Ï¥ÎªÌ½Ð¦Ü ftp.linux.org.tw/pub/CLDP/src ¤U¸ü
zh-sgmltools-1.x-x.tar.gz ¨Ã¦w¸Ë¤§¡A¦A¥H bg5sgml2html¡Bbg5sgml2rtf¡B
bg5sgml2latex ©Î gbsgml2html¡Bgbsgml2rtf¡Bgbsgml2latex
«ü¥O½sÄ¶­ì©lÀÉ¡C¸Ô¨£ SGMLtools ¤¤¤å®M¥ó¨Ï¥Î»¡©ú
\nameurl{http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/zh-sgmltools.html}{})




\subsection{Acrobat PDF ®æ¦¡ \label{acrobatpdf}}

PDF ÀÉ®×¥i¥H±q postscript ÀÉ®×¨Ï¥Î acrobat {\bfseries distill}
©Î {\bfseries Ghostscript} ¨Ó¨ú±o¡C
¦Ó postscript ÀÉ®×¬O±q LaTex ÀÉ®×¥ýÂà¦¨ DVI¡A
¦AÂà¦¨ postscript ¦Ó¨ú±o¡C
±z¥i¥H±q \nameurl{http://www.adobe.com}{} ¤U¸ü distill¡C
¦p¥H¤U½d¨Ò©Ò¥Ü¡G
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
bash$ man sgml2latex
bash$ sgml2latex filename.sgml
bash$ man dvips
bash$ dvips -o filename.ps filename.dvi
bash$ distill filename.ps
bash$ man ghostscript
bash$ man ps2pdf
bash$ ps2pdf input.ps output.pdf
bash$ acroread output.pdf &
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

©ÎªÌ±z¥i¨Ï¥Î Ghostscript ªº«ü¥O {\bfseries ps2pdf}¡C
ps2pdf ¬O­Ó»P Adobe's Acrobat Distiller ²£«~§@¥Î¬Û¦ü¨Ã¾Ö¦³¨ä¤j³¡¤À¥\¯àªº«ü¥O¡G
¥¦±N PostScript ÀÉ®×Âà´«¦¨¥iÄâ¦¡¤å¥ó®æ¦¡(Portable Document Format, PDF)ÀÉ®×¡C
{\bfseries ps2pdf}¬O³Q¤@­Ó¥]§t¦b Ghostscript ªº«ü¥O½Z (command  script)
(§å¦¸ÀÉ batch file)¡A¥B¿ï¾Ü¤@ºØ¦W¥s {\bfseries pdfwrite}
ªº¯S®í "¿é¥X¸Ë¸m (output device)" ¨Ó°õ¦æ¡C¬°¤F­n¨Ï¥Î ps2pdf¡A
·í Ghostscript ¦b¦w¸Ë½sÄ¶®É¡Apdfwrite ¸Ë¸m¥²¶·­n¥]§t¦b makefile ¸Ì¡F
¸Ô¨£¦w¸Ë Ghostscript ªº¤å¥ó¡C


\subsection{±N Linuxdoc Âà´«¦¨ Docbook ®æ¦¡ \label{linuxdoc2docbook}}

³o¥÷¤å¥ó¬O¥H linuxdoc SGML ®æ¦¡©Ò¼¶¼g¡CDocbook SGML ®æ¦¡
¸û linuxdoc ®æ¦¡§ó±j¤j¡A¥B¾Ö¦³§ó¦h¯S¦â¡C
linuxdoc «D±`Â²³æ¥B©ö¥Î¡C§Ú­Ì¨Ï¥Î {\bfseries ld2db.sh}
µ{¦¡©M¤@¨Ç perl scripts ¨Ó±N linux SGML ÀÉ®×Âà´«¦¨ Docbook SGML¡C
ld2db ªº¿é¥Xµ²ªG¨Ã«D 100\% §¹¬ü¡A±z»Ý­n¨Ï¥Î {\bfseries cleanup\_ld2db.pl}
³o­Ó perl script¡C±z¥i¯à¥²¶·¤â°Ê§ó§ï¤å¥ó¤¤ªº¼Æ¦æ¡C
\begin{itemize}
\item  ±q \nameurl{http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~rrt/docbook.html}{} ©Î±q
\nameurl{http://www.milkywaygalaxy.freeservers.com}{Milkyway Galaxy site} ¤U¸ü
ld2db µ{¦¡
\item  ±q \nameurl{http://www.milkywaygalaxy.freeservers.com}{Milkyway Galaxy site}
¤U¸ü cleanup\_ld2db.pl ³o­Ó perl script¡C
\end{itemize}

ld2db.sh ¨Ã«D 100\% §¹¬ü¡A±z¦b°õ¦æ¥H¤U«ü¥O®É±N·|±o¨ì³\¦h¿ù»~
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
        bash$ ld2db.sh file-linuxdoc.sgml db.sgml
        bash$ cleanup.pl db.sgml > db_clean.sgml
        bash$ gvim db_clean.sgml 
        bash$ docbook2html db.sgml
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

¦Ó±z¥i¯à¥²¶·¦b°õ¦æ§¹ perl script «á¡A
¤â°Ê½s¿è¤@¨Ç¤p¿ù»~ªº¦a¤è¡C¨Ò¦p¡G
±z¥i¯à»Ý­n {$<$}
/Para{$>$}¦b¨C­Ó {$<$}
Listitem{$>$} ¼g¤J«Ê³¬¼Ð°O (closing tag)


\subsection{Âà´«¦¨ MS WinHelp ®æ¦¡ \label{mswinhelp}}

±z¥i¥H±N SGML howto ¤å¥óÂà´«¦¨ Microsoft Windows Help ÀÉ®×¡C
­º¥ý¨Ï¥Î¥H¤U«ü¥O±N sgml Âà´«¦¨ html¡G
\par
\addvspace{\medskipamount}
\nopagebreak\hrule
\begin{verbatim}
        bash$ sgml2html xxxxhowto.sgml     (Àò¨ú html ÀÉ®×)
        bash$ sgml2html -split 0   xxxxhowto.sgml (Àò¨ú single page html ÀÉ®×)
\end{verbatim} 
\nopagebreak\hrule 
\addvspace{\medskipamount}

µM«á¨Ï¥Î \nameurl{http://javadocs.planetmirror.com/htmltohlpe.html}{HtmlToHlp}.
±z¤]¥i¨Ï¥Î sgml2rtf¡AµM«á¨Ï¥Î RTF ÀÉ®×¥HÀò¨ú winhelp ÀÉ®×¡C


\subsection{Åª¨ú¦UºØ¤£¦Pªº®æ¦¡ \label{readformats}}

­n¾\Åª dvi ®æ¦¡ªº¤å¥ó¡A¥²¶·¨Ï¥Î xdvi µ{¦¡¡Cxdvi µ{¦¡¦b Redhat Linux ¬O¦s¦b©ó
tetex-xdvi*.rpm (Ä¶ª`¡GÀH¤£¦Pµo¦æ®M¥ó¦Ó¦³©Ò®t²§¡F½Ð¬¢¸ß±zªºµo¦æ®M¥ó¼t°Ó©Î²ÕÂ´)¡C
±z¥i¥H±q±±¨î­±ªO(ControlPanel) $|$ À³¥Îµ{¦¡(Applications) $|$ ¥Xª©(Publishing) $|$ Tex
ªº¿ï³æ«ö¶s¶}±Ò¤§¡C
­nÅª¨ú dvi ®æ¦¡¤å¥ó¡A½Ð°õ¦æ¥H¤U«ü¥O -
\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
        xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
        man xdvi
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}

¨Ã¥B¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¨Ó­«·s³]©wµøµ¡¤j¤p¡C
¨Ï¥Î¤è¦VÁä¡BPage Up¡BPage Down ¨Ó¾É¤Þ¡A
±z¤]¥i¨Ï¥Î 'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' ¦r¥ÀÁä
¨Ó¤W²¾¡B¤U²¾¡B¸m¤¤¡B¦Ü¤U¤@­¶¡B¦^¤W¤@­¶µ¥¡C
­nÃö³¬±M®a¿ï³æ¡A½Ð«ö 'x'¡C

±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î 'gv' (ghostview) ©Î 'ghostscript' ¨Ó¾\Åª postscript ®æ¦¡ªº¤å¥ó¡C
¦b Redhat Linux ¸Ì¡Aghostscript ¦s¦b©ó ghostscript*.rpm ®M¥ó¡Fgv «h¦s¦b©ó
gv*.rpm ®M¥ó¸Ì¡C(Ä¶ª`¡GÀH¤£¦Pµo¦æ®M¥ó¦Ó¦³©Ò®t²§¡F½Ð¬¢¸ß±zªºµo¦æ®M¥ó¼t°Ó©Î²ÕÂ´)
±z¥i¥H±q±±¨î­±ª©(ControlPanel) $|$ À³¥Îµ{¦¡(Applications) $|$ ¬ü¤uÃ¸¹Ï(Graphics)
ªº¿ï³æ«ö¶s¶}±Ò¤§¡Cgv »·¤ñ ghostscript §ó¤H©Ê¤Æ¡C
ghostscript ©M gv ¤]¦³¨ä¥L¥­¥xªºª©¥»¡A¹³¬O OS/2¡B
Windows 95 ©M NT¡A±z¬Æ¦Ü¦b¨º¨Ç¥­¥x¤]¥i¥HÆ[¬Ý¦¹¥÷¤å¥ó¡C

\begin{itemize}
\item ±z¥i±q¥H¤Uºô§}Àò±o Windows 95¡BOS/2¡B
©M©Ò¦³§@·~¨t²Î¥­¥xªº ghostscript \nameurl{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost}{}
\end{itemize}


­n¾\Åª postscript ®æ¦¡ªº¤å¥ó¡A°õ¦æ¥H¤U«ü¥O -
\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
                gv howto.ps
                ghostscript howto.ps
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}


±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î Netscape Navigator¡BMicrosoft Internet explorer¡B
Redhat Baron Web browser ©Î¥ô¦ó¨ä¥Lªº 10 ºØÂsÄý¾¹¨Ó¾\Åª HTML ®æ¦¡ªº¤å¥ó

±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î LyX -- ¤@ºØ latex ¦b X-Windows ªº«eºÝ¬É­±¡A¨Ó¾\Åª latex ®æ¦¡ªº¤å¥ó¡C


\section{ª©Åv Copyright}

ª©Åv¬Fµ¦«ö·Ó LDP (Linux ¤å¥ó­p¹º) ¬° GNU/GPL¡C
LDP ¬O GNU/GPL ­p¹º¤§¤@¡C
ÃB¥~ªº½Ð¨D¬°±z¦b©Ò¦³ªº½Æ»s¤å¥ó¤¤«O¯d§@ªÌªº©m¦W¡B¹q¤l¶l¥ó«H½c¦ì§}¡B
©M¦¹¥÷ª©ÅvÁn©ú¡C°²¦p±z¹ï³o¥÷¤å¥ó¶i¦æ­×§ï©Î¼W²K¡A
¨º»ò½Ð±z§iª¾¦¹¥÷¤å¥óªº©Ò¦³§@ªÌ¡C
¦b³o¥÷¤å¥ó¤W©Ò¯O¦Lªº©m¦W¬°¨ä¦U¦Û©Ò¦³¤Hªº©Ò¦³Åv

­ì¤å (¦p¤¤Ä¶¦³»~¡A¥H­ì¤å¬°¥D)

Copyright policy is GNU/GPL as per LDP (Linux Documentation project).
LDP is a GNU/GPL project.
Additional requests are that you retain the author's name, email address
and this copyright notice on all the copies. If you make any changes 
or additions to this document then you please 
intimate all the authors of this document.
Brand names mentioned in this document are property of their respective 
owners.

\end{document}
